{"ikmk_id":"668","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Septimius Severus","inventory_number":"M 2310","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/object?id=ID668","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":37,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/37","publisher_name":"Digitales M\u00fcnzkabinett der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","publisher_isil":"https:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/orgsanisations\/DE-MUS-100214","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-100214","UID":"https:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/orgsanisations\/DE-MUS-100214\/ID668","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.uni-muenster.de\/Archaeologie\/numismatik\/index.shtml"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"37","owner_name":"M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-100214","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-100214","owner_www_address":"http:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/archaeological_museum_wwu","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/37","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"675","nominal_de":"Aureus","nominal_en":"Aureus","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/aureus","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4873978-9","info_de":"Zu Zeiten der r\u00f6mischen Republik stellt die Pr\u00e4gung von Goldm\u00fcnzen eine Seltenheit und damit eine besonderen Umst\u00e4nden geschuldete Pr\u00e4gung dar. Das fr\u00fcheste Beispiel ist das sogenannte Schwurszenengold (unterschiedlich datiert 241 bzw. 216 v. Chr.). Eine weitere Serie wird von dem sog. Mars\/Adler-Gold in St\u00fccken zu 60, 40 und 20 Assen vertreten, die im 2. Punischen Krieg um 211-209 v. Chr. entstanden sind. In der 1. H\u00e4lfte des 1. Jhs. v. Chr. gaben unter anderem Sulla und Pompeius seltene Aurei (zu 1\/30 bzw. 1\/36 des r\u00f6m. Pfundes) aus. Erst mit der Ausm\u00fcnzung gro\u00dfer Goldvorr\u00e4te unter Caesar ab 48 v. Chr. wurden Goldm\u00fcnzen (nun zu 1\/40 Pfund) und 25 silbernen Denaren entsprechend ausgegeben, die Produktion lief auch w\u00e4hrend des 2. Triumvirates weiter. Augustus reduzierte den Aureus auf 1\/42 des Pfundes (ca. 7,72 g) bei gleichbleibendem Wechselkurs von 25 Denaren. Neros M\u00fcnzreform von 64 n. Chr. verringerte das Gewicht auf 1\/45 des Pfundes, also ca. 7,27 g. Unter Domitianus f\u00fcr kurze Zeit wieder auf 1\/42 Pfund angehoben, blieb der neronische Standard zu 1\/45 Pfund bis in das 3. Jh. zumindest theoretisch vorbildhaft. Unter Caracalla auf 1\/50 Pfund = 6,55 g nochmals reduziert, verfielen im Verlauf des 3. Jh. n. Chr. Gewicht und Feingehalt, auch das Verh\u00e4ltnis zum Denar wurde schwankend. Bereits seit Commodus war der Umfang der Goldpr\u00e4gung eingeschr\u00e4nkt worden. Der bis auf 1\/72 des Pfundes abgesunkene Aureus wurde von Diocletianus zuletzt reformiert und ab ca. 284 n. Chr. zu 1\/70 Pfund (ca. 4,7 g) und ab um 286 n. Chr. zu 1\/60 Pfund (ca. 5,45 g) gepr\u00e4gt. Nachdem Constantinus I. um 309 n. Chr. mit dem Solidus eine neue Goldw\u00e4hrung etablierte, wurden die letzten Aurei in den 320er Jahren im Namen des Licinius ausgegeben. Besondere Emissionen von schweren Goldm\u00fcnzen des 4.\u20135. Jhs., die als Geschenke an Beamte und Milit\u00e4rs vergeben wurden, werden heute bisweilen als \u201eFestaurei\u201c bezeichnet. Das Halbst\u00fcck des Aureus ist der auch in Gold gepr\u00e4gte Quinarius, das Doppelst\u00fcck der Binio, noch seltener sind der Quaternio (vier Aurei) und Octonio (Achtfachst\u00fcck). s. auch Multipla.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 49-51 s. v. Aureus.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/675"},"date_last":"2022-12-11 17:52:22","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"25","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/25","country_name_de":"Italien","country_name_en":"Italy","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italian_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3175395","ikmk_region_id":"263","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/263","region_name":"Italia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italy","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"678","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/678","mint_name":"Rom","mint_name_de":"Rom","mint_name_en":"Rome","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/rome","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3169070"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"21 mm","die_axis":"5 h","weight":"7.06 g","accession":"","access_year":"1955","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/1"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"15.06.1955","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"SEVERVS - PIVS AVG","image_description":"B\u00fcste des Septimius Severus n. r., lorbeerbekr\u00e4nzt.","foto_date":"2012-12-12","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"9","photographer_name":"Robert Dylka","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/668\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1485176365,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID668. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID668. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"VICTORIAE \/\/ AVGG","image_description":"Victoria steht in einer Biga, die von zwei Pferden im Galopp n. r. gezogen wird, in der l. Hand h\u00e4lt sie die Z\u00fcgel, in der r. eine Peitsche.","foto_date":"2012-12-12","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"9","photographer_name":"Robert Dylka","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/668\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID668\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1485176378,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID668. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID668. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"3","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Imperial period"},"literatur":"RIC Septimius Severus Nr. 299. Ex Sammlung Apostolo Zeno, Katalog Dorotheum I (1955) 89 Nr. 1450 Taf. 23 (dieses St\u00fcck).","comment":"M\u00fcnze ist gelocht.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"4","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit","name_en":null,"description_de":"30 v. - 283 n. 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Jh. v. Chr.-3. Jh.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/7512142-6","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020541"}],"secondary_treatment":[{"ikmk_secondary_treatment_id":"1","item_de":"gelocht","item_en":"pierced","description_de":"Absichtlich angebrachtes Loch (oder mehrere) zur Befestigung an einem Geh\u00e4nge oder einer Unterlage. Im Falle von Papiergeld h\u00e4ufig Lochung zum Zeichen der Entwertung.","description_en":"Intentional hole(s) pierced through a coin so that it can be worn on a neclace, sewn onto textiles, etc. In case of paper money such a perforation often indicates devaluation.","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/secondaryTreatment\/1","concept":["http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/pierced"]}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}