{"ikmk_id":"58","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"R\u00f6mische Republik: C. Iulius Caesar und L. Munatius Plancus","inventory_number":"M 1999","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/object?id=ID58","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":37,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/37","publisher_name":"Digitales M\u00fcnzkabinett der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","publisher_isil":"https:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/orgsanisations\/DE-MUS-100214","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-100214","UID":"https:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/orgsanisations\/DE-MUS-100214\/ID58","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.uni-muenster.de\/Archaeologie\/numismatik\/index.shtml"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"37","owner_name":"M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-100214","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-100214","owner_www_address":"http:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/archaeological_museum_wwu","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/37","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"675","nominal_de":"Aureus","nominal_en":"Aureus","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/aureus","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4873978-9","info_de":"Zu Zeiten der r\u00f6mischen Republik stellt die Pr\u00e4gung von Goldm\u00fcnzen eine Seltenheit und damit eine besonderen Umst\u00e4nden geschuldete Pr\u00e4gung dar. Das fr\u00fcheste Beispiel ist das sogenannte Schwurszenengold (unterschiedlich datiert 241 bzw. 216 v. Chr.). Eine weitere Serie wird von dem sog. Mars\/Adler-Gold in St\u00fccken zu 60, 40 und 20 Assen vertreten, die im 2. Punischen Krieg um 211-209 v. Chr. entstanden sind. In der 1. H\u00e4lfte des 1. Jhs. v. Chr. gaben unter anderem Sulla und Pompeius seltene Aurei (zu 1\/30 bzw. 1\/36 des r\u00f6m. Pfundes) aus. Erst mit der Ausm\u00fcnzung gro\u00dfer Goldvorr\u00e4te unter Caesar ab 48 v. Chr. wurden Goldm\u00fcnzen (nun zu 1\/40 Pfund) und 25 silbernen Denaren entsprechend ausgegeben, die Produktion lief auch w\u00e4hrend des 2. Triumvirates weiter. Augustus reduzierte den Aureus auf 1\/42 des Pfundes (ca. 7,72 g) bei gleichbleibendem Wechselkurs von 25 Denaren. Neros M\u00fcnzreform von 64 n. Chr. verringerte das Gewicht auf 1\/45 des Pfundes, also ca. 7,27 g. Unter Domitianus f\u00fcr kurze Zeit wieder auf 1\/42 Pfund angehoben, blieb der neronische Standard zu 1\/45 Pfund bis in das 3. Jh. zumindest theoretisch vorbildhaft. Unter Caracalla auf 1\/50 Pfund = 6,55 g nochmals reduziert, verfielen im Verlauf des 3. Jh. n. Chr. Gewicht und Feingehalt, auch das Verh\u00e4ltnis zum Denar wurde schwankend. Bereits seit Commodus war der Umfang der Goldpr\u00e4gung eingeschr\u00e4nkt worden. Der bis auf 1\/72 des Pfundes abgesunkene Aureus wurde von Diocletianus zuletzt reformiert und ab ca. 284 n. Chr. zu 1\/70 Pfund (ca. 4,7 g) und ab um 286 n. Chr. zu 1\/60 Pfund (ca. 5,45 g) gepr\u00e4gt. Nachdem Constantinus I. um 309 n. Chr. mit dem Solidus eine neue Goldw\u00e4hrung etablierte, wurden die letzten Aurei in den 320er Jahren im Namen des Licinius ausgegeben. Besondere Emissionen von schweren Goldm\u00fcnzen des 4.\u20135. Jhs., die als Geschenke an Beamte und Milit\u00e4rs vergeben wurden, werden heute bisweilen als \u201eFestaurei\u201c bezeichnet. Das Halbst\u00fcck des Aureus ist der auch in Gold gepr\u00e4gte Quinarius, das Doppelst\u00fcck der Binio, noch seltener sind der Quaternio (vier Aurei) und Octonio (Achtfachst\u00fcck). s. auch Multipla.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 49-51 s. v. Aureus.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/675"},"date_last":"2022-12-21 19:35:01","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"54","coin_status_name_de":"Stadt","coin_status_name_en":"City","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/city","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/54"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"25","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/25","country_name_de":"Italien","country_name_en":"Italy","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/italian_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3175395","ikmk_region_id":"266","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/266","region_name":"Latium","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/latium","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"678","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/678","mint_name":"Rom","mint_name_de":"Rom","mint_name_en":"Rome","mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/rome","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3169070"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"3","material_name_de":"Gold","material_name_en":"Gold","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/av","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/3"},"diameter":"22 mm","die_axis":"11 h","weight":"8.01 g","accession":"","access_year":"1956","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"1","access_type_name":"Kauf","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4128692-3","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/1"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":"08.06.1956","avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"C \u0387 CAES - DIC \u0387 TER","image_description":"Gewandb\u00fcste der Victoria n. r.","foto_date":"2012-12-12","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"9","photographer_name":"Robert Dylka","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/58\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1440936683,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID58. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID58. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"L \u0387 PLANC \/ PRAEF \u0387 VRB","image_description":"Einhenklige Kanne (sitella).","foto_date":"2012-12-12","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"9","photographer_name":"Robert Dylka","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/58\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID58\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1440936795,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID58. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID58. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"2","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Republik","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Republic"},"literatur":"R. Tomassoni, Cultura Antiquaria Ed Erudizione Tra Venezia E Vienna Nel Settecento. La Collezione Numismatica Di Apostolo Zeno (Udine 2022) Nr. 712 (dieses St\u00fcck); RRC 485 Nr. 475\/1a; B. Woytek, Arma et Nummi. Forschungen zur r\u00f6mischen Finanzgeschichte und M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung der Jahre 49 bis 42 v. Chr. (2003) 269-271. 558 (Ende 46 \/ Anfang 45 v. Chr.). Ex Slg. Apostolo Zeno, Katalog Dorotheum II (1956) 31 Nr. 2801 Taf. 14 (dieses St\u00fcck).","comment":"","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"3","name_de":"Hellenismus","name_en":null,"description_de":"","description_en":null,"concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/periode\/3"},"year_start":"-45","year_end":"-45","date_verbal":"45 v. 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