{"ikmk_id":"277","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Victorinus: Nachahmung","inventory_number":"M 5782","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/object?id=ID277","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":37,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/37","publisher_name":"Digitales M\u00fcnzkabinett der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","publisher_isil":"https:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/orgsanisations\/DE-MUS-100214","publisher_isil_short":"DE-MUS-100214","UID":"https:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/orgsanisations\/DE-MUS-100214\/ID277","legalBodyWeblink":"https:\/\/www.uni-muenster.de\/Archaeologie\/numismatik\/index.shtml"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"37","owner_name":"M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-MUS-100214","owner_isil_short":"DE-MUS-100214","owner_www_address":"http:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/archaeological_museum_wwu","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/37","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"774","nominal_de":"Doppeldenar (ANT)","nominal_en":"Double Denarius","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/antoninianus","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4417146-8","info_de":"Das von Kaiser Caracalla (Alleinherrschaft 211\u2013217 n. Chr.) im Jahre 215 eingef\u00fchrte neue Silbernominal im Wert von zwei Denaren. Entspricht im Gewicht zu Anfang anderthalb alten Denaren (ungef\u00e4hr 5 g), unterliegt aber im Verlauf des 3. Jhs. n. Chr. einem zunehmenden Verlust an Gewicht und Feinheit. \u00c4u\u00dferes Kennzeichen sind der Kaiserkopf mit der Strahlenkrone bzw. die Kaiserinnenb\u00fcste auf der Mondsichel auf der Vorderseite. Kaiser Aurelianus versucht 274 n. Chr. eine Reform des zwischenzeitlich zur Kupferm\u00fcnze abgesunkenen Doppeldenares (auch Aurelianus genannt). Die dort in Erscheinung tretenden Wertkennzeichen XX I bzw. K A (20 zu 1) sind in ihrer Bedeutung noch umstritten (gleich 20 Sesterzen bzw. 5 Denare oder doch eher Hinweis auf Feingehalt (20 unedle Teile auf eines aus Silber)). Mit der M\u00fcnzreform des Diocletianus endete die Geschichte des Doppeldenares. Die Bezeichnung \u201eAntoninianus\u201c (abgeleitet vom offiziellen Namen des Caracalla) ist eine moderne Sch\u00f6pfung in Ermangelung einer \u00fcberlieferten antiken Bezeichnung.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 31. 36.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/774"},"date_last":"2022-12-11 17:52:22","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"2","material_name_de":"Bronze","material_name_en":"Bronze","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ae","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/2"},"diameter":"16 mm","die_axis":"10 h","weight":"1.40 g","accession":"","access_year":"2016","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"3","access_type_name":"Schenkung","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4052258-1","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/3"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":null,"avers":{"leg_trans":"Legende verwildert.","leg_text":"IMP VICTORINVS AVG","image_description":"B\u00fcste des Victorinus mit Strahlenkrone, Brustpanzer und Paludamentum n. r. 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Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID277. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"XII i. A. Legende stark verwildert.","leg_text":"IA-H","image_description":"Tempel mit viers\u00e4uliger (tetrastyler) Front. Im erweiterten Mitteljoch Person (?). Barbarisiert.","foto_date":"2016-07-26","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"9","photographer_name":"Robert Dylka","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID277\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID277\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n0\/277\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID277\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID277\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1475753887,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID277. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID277. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"3","subdivision_name_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit","subdivision_name_en":"Roman Imperial period"},"literatur":"","comment":"Barbarisierte Nachpr\u00e4gung. Stark verwildert.\r\nM\u00fcnze scheint unediert zu sein. \r\nVorbild des Revers stammt wom\u00f6glich von Probus (RIC V Probus 737-741; hexastyler Tempel mit thronender Roma, Victoria und Zepter haltend) oder von Postumus (RIC V Postumus 66; viers\u00e4uliger Tempel mit Hercules).\r\n\"Barbarisierte\" M\u00fcnzen meinen nicht offizielle oder halboffizielle Nachpr\u00e4gungen regul\u00e4rer r\u00f6mischer Staatsm\u00fcnzen von minderer Qualit\u00e4t, die Fehler in der Legende oder in den Bilddarstellungen sowie in den Gewichten und Metallgehalten besitzen. Sie wurden nicht von \"Barbaren\" gepr\u00e4gt, sondern wohl eher von in der M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung nicht staatlich geschulten R\u00f6mern im r\u00f6mischen Germanien, da sie \u00fcberwiegend in r\u00f6mischen Fundkontexten auftauchen. Nachdem die M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tten K\u00f6ln und Trier 274\/75 n. Chr. durch Aurelian geschlossen wurden, kam es zu einer Geldverknappung. Als Notgeld wurden wom\u00f6glich von offiziellen und privaten Institutionen die M\u00fcnzen, die gerade im Umlauf waren, nachgepr\u00e4gt und beispielsweise als Lohn ausgegeben. Die W\u00e4hrung wurde durch die Nachpr\u00e4gungen gestreckt. Die nachgeahmten M\u00fcnzen sind dabei nicht zeitgleich mit den regul\u00e4ren M\u00fcnzemissionen des regierenden Kaisers herausgegeben worden. Eine hohe Zahl der Imitationen weist sogar Averse und Reverse von verschiedenen vorausgegangenen Kaisern auf. Mit der Wiederer\u00f6ffnung der M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte Trier unter Diocletian nahm die Anzahl der nachgepr\u00e4gten M\u00fcnzen ab.\r\n(C.-F. Zschucke, Die r\u00f6mische M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte Trier \u00b3(1997) 15 f.; C.-F. Zschucke, Die r\u00f6mische M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte K\u00f6ln (1993) 12-15)","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"4","name_de":"R\u00f6mische Kaiserzeit","name_en":null,"description_de":"30 v. - 283 n. 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Chr.","year_islam":"0","manufacturing":[{"ikmk_manufacturing_id":"21","manufacturing_name_de":"gepr\u00e4gt","manufacturing_name_en":"struck","nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/struck","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/herstellungtyp\/21"}],"linked_persons_corporations":{"50":{"ikmk_type_id":"50","type_name_de":"Vorbesitzer","type_name_en":"previous Owner","type_nomisma_id":"","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4447273-0","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/50","items":{"7948":{"ikmk_person_id":"7948","title_de":"","first_name_de":"Hans-Joachim","last_name_de":"Pfeiffer","vitalDates":"","title_en":null,"first_name_en":"Hans-Joachim","last_name_en":"Pfeiffer","corporation":"0","lod":{"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/7948":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/person\/7948"},"year_from":"1998","year_until":"2016"}}},"54":{"ikmk_type_id":"54","type_name_de":"Dargestellte\/r","type_name_en":"Sitter","type_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/portrait","type_concept_id":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300189844","ndp_id":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/persontype\/54","items":{"1484":{"ikmk_person_id":"1484","title_de":null,"first_name_de":null,"last_name_de":"Victorinus","vitalDates":"-271 n. 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