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M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID2050. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID2050. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"Legende in Karoshti-Schrift","leg_text":"<i>maharajasa Apaladatasa tratarasa<\/i>","image_description":"Buckelrind steht n. r.","foto_date":"2008-10-02","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"9","photographer_name":"Robert Dylka","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID2050\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID2050\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n2\/2050\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID2050\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/archaeologie.uni-muenster.de\/ikmk\/image\/ID2050\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1605266532,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID2050. Aufnahme durch Robert Dylka.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. M\u00fcnster, Arch\u00e4ologisches Museum der Universit\u00e4t, ID2050. Photographs by Robert Dylka."}},"division":{"ikmk_division_id":"1","division_name_de":"Antike","division_name_en":"Antiquity"},"sub_division":{"ikmk_subdivision_id":"5","subdivision_name_de":"Griechen, Hellenismus","subdivision_name_en":"Greek, Hellenism"},"literatur":"O. Bopearachchi, Monnaies gr\u00e9co-bactriennes et indo-grecques (1991) 190-191 Serie 4F (180-160 v. Chr.); M. Mitchiner, Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian Coinage II. The Apogee of the Indo-Greeks (1975) 116-117 Type 207h (M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tte Taxila, ca. 160-150 v. Chr.); SNG ANS Part 9 Nr. 328-336 (ca. 174-165 v. Chr.).","comment":"Quadrat-Drachme nach indischem Standard. Apollodotos herrschte \u00fcber ein Gebiet, das sich \u00fcber Arachosien, Gandhara, Punjab, also vornehmlich Afghanistan\/Pakistan, bis nach Nordindien erstreckte. Eine Identifikation der Pr\u00e4gest\u00e4tte ist nicht sicher.","period":{"ikmk_period_id":"3","name_de":"Hellenismus","name_en":null,"description_de":"","description_en":null,"concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/periode\/3"},"year_start":"-174","year_end":"-165","date_verbal":"ca. 174-165 v. 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Jh. v. Chr.","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4024313-8","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/vocab.getty.edu\/aat\/300020101"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"31","keyword":"M\u00fcnzstand: Antike Herrscher","keyword_gnd_uri":"","keyword_concept_uri":""},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"69","keyword":"Silber","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4133759-1","keyword_concept_uri":"http:\/\/www.nomisma.org\/id\/ar"},{"ikmk_keyword_id":"51","keyword":"Tiere","keyword_gnd_uri":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4185464-0","keyword_concept_uri":""}],"timeline_themes":[{"ikmk_timeline_id":"44","timeline_item":"Das Geld im Hellenismus - Gold und Silber","description":"In der Nachfolge des Alexanderreiches entstanden zahlreiche Herrschaften und K\u00f6nigreiche, die ebenso wie einzelne St\u00e4dte der fortschreitenden Monetarisierung der Gesellschaft durch die Ausgabe eines eigenen M\u00fcnzgeldes Rechnung trugen oder aber eigene Traditionen der Geldwirtschaft fortsetzten. Die gro\u00dfen Reiche der Antigoniden, Seleukiden und Ptolem\u00e4er sowie Mittelm\u00e4chte wie z. B. Pergamon, Bithynien, Pontos oder Kappadokien zeigen dabei beispielhaft die M\u00f6glichkeiten des M\u00fcnzwesens auf. Generell gilt, dass nun das Portr\u00e4t des herrschenden K\u00f6nigs abgebildet wird, wobei die Ptolem\u00e4er und Pergamon aber das des ersten Herrschers (Ptolemaios I. bzw. Philetairos) auch nach dessen Tod bevorzugen. Hier sind M\u00fcnzen nun die bedeutendste Quelle f\u00fcr die Geschichte und Entwicklung des antiken Herrscherbildes und das k\u00f6nigliche Selbstverst\u00e4ndnis. H\u00e4ufig findet der schon von Alexander bevorzugte attische Gewichtsstandard Anwendung. Daneben gelingt es z.B. dem ptolem\u00e4ischen \u00c4gypten und Pergamon (Cistophoren) durch die Einf\u00fchrung leichteren Geldes, ein abgegrenztes Umlaufgebiet f\u00fcr ihre eigene W\u00e4hrung zu schaffen (fremdes, aber vollgewichtiges Geld wird eins zu eins zum Nachteil des Einlieferers umgetauscht). Auch einzelne St\u00e4dte (z.B. Thasos, Maroneia, Side, Antiochia am Orontes) pr\u00e4gen umfangreiche Emissionen. Ein weiteres Kennzeichen des 2. Jhs. v. Chr. ist die Entstehung von M\u00fcnzarten wie den sogenannten Stephanophoren, die von verschiedenen St\u00e4dten aufgrund einer gemeinsamen \u00dcbereinkunft mit einheitlich gestalteter R\u00fcckseite (dem namensgebenden Kranz) das volle attische Gewicht garantieren (z. B. Athen, Kyzikos, Kyme). Vor allem am Ende dieser Epoche treten verst\u00e4rkt lokale Traditionen und Bildthemen im M\u00fcnzbild auf, so etwa der Gott Sandan auf seleukidischen M\u00fcnzen der Pr\u00e4gest\u00e4tte Tarsos. Auch Rom orientierte sich anfangs an griechischen Vorbildern und zeigt insbesondere in seinen Silberm\u00fcnzen (Didrachmen und deren Halbst\u00fccken) deutliche Anleihen an griechisch-unteritalische Vorbilder, bevor es mit dem Denar gegen 211 v. Chr. ein eigenst\u00e4ndiges W\u00e4hrungssystem einf\u00fchrte.","year_from":"-336","year_until":"-30","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}